Socialism

Classical labor-values measure strictly technical costs of production, whereas natural prices measure social costs of production.

Total labor cost addresses this problem by distinguishing between technical and total labor costs. Technical labor cost corresponds to the classical concept and total labor cost includes additional real costs of production incurred in virtue of non-technical, or social, conditions of production, such as production financed by a capitalist class.

This distinction separates theoretical concerns that are conflated in the classical theory. For instance, labor-values apply to distribution-independent questions about an economy, such as the productivity of labor over time or the quantity of “surplus labor” supplied by workers to capitalists, whereas total labor-values apply to distribution-dependent questions, such as the relationship between nominal prices and the actual labor time required to produce commodities.

I see many self-identified socialists imply that, in a socialist society, people would constantly be doing different jobs and would split their labour between many different jobs rather than specialize. It definitely makes sense when it comes to jobs that don't require too much specialization, but how does this work with highly specific jobs that require a disproportionately high amount of resources to become skilled in? Would they spend more time on a specialization, would they frequently rotate the same as everyone else?

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/ubc-pro-palestinian-protest-photos-1.7192553

This law affects all companies in the country, regardless of size. It will be effective in July 1st 2024, and there are 3 key points are:

1. There is a new organ present in each company called the Employee Assembly. This organ is for employees to exercise their power of democratic governance of the company. There are two types, one is an assembly for all employees or an assembly for employee representatives. In general, companies with more than 100 employees will have an assembly for employee representatives, while less than 100 will have an assembly for all employees. The number of employee representatives must not be less than 5% of the total number of employees and also not be less than 30, while the number of managers and executives must not be greater than 20% the number of representatives. The trade union acts as the executive organ of the Employee Assembly.
2. The Employee Assembly has access to basically all the information a company stores, which can be used to affect the worker benefits of employees. It also seeks to make sure the company is always following the labor laws present at the local and national level. When a company considers dissolution or applying for bankruptcy, it is required to listen to the opinions of its trade union and employees through the Employee Assembly or by other forms.
3. All companies with at least 300 employees must have employee representatives at the board of directors, unless it already has a board of supervisors with employee supervisors elected by the Employee Assembly in it.