Haka are a variety of ceremonial dances in Māori culture. A performance art, haka are often performed by a group, with vigorous movements and stamping of the feet with rhythmically shouted accompaniment. Haka have been traditionally performed by both men and women for a variety of social functions within Māori culture. They are performed to welcome distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions, or funerals.
Kapa haka groups are common in schools. The main Māori performing arts competition, Te Matatini, takes place every two years.
New Zealand sports teams' practice of performing a haka to challenge opponents before international matches has made the dance form more widely known around the world. This tradition began with the 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team tour and has been carried on by the New Zealand rugby union team (known as the All Blacks) since 1905. Although popularly associated with the traditional battle preparations of male warriors, conceptions that haka are typically war dances, and the inaccurate performance of haka by non-Māori, are considered erroneous by Māori scholars.
Etymology
The group of people performing a haka is referred to as a kapa haka (kapa meaning group or team, and also rank or row). The Māori word haka has cognates in other Polynesian languages, for example: Samoan saʻa (saʻasaʻa), Tokelauan haka, Rarotongan ʻaka, Hawaiian haʻa, Marquesan haka, meaning 'to be short-legged' or 'dance'; all from Proto-Polynesian saka, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian sakaŋ, meaning 'bowlegged'.
History and practice
According to Māori scholar Tīmoti Kāretu, haka have been "erroneously defined by generations of uninformed as 'war dances'", while Māori mythology places haka as a dance "about the celebration of life". Following a creation story, the sun god, Tama-nui-te-rā, had two wives, the Summer Maid, Hine-raumati, and the Winter Maid, Hine-takurua. Haka originated in the coming of Hine-raumati, whose presence on still, hot days was revealed in a quivering appearance in the air. This was haka of Tāne-rore, the son of Hine-raumati and Tama-nui-te-rā. Hyland comments that "[t]he haka is (and also represents) a natural phenomena [sic]; on hot summer days, the 'shimmering' atmospheric distortion of air emanating from the ground is personified as 'Te Haka a Tānerore'"
War haka (peruperu) were originally performed by warriors before a battle, proclaiming their strength and prowess in order to intimidate the enemy. Various actions are employed in the course of a performance, including facial contortions such as showing the whites of the eyes (pūkana), and poking out the tongue (whetero, performed by men only)
18th and 19th centuries
The earliest Europeans to witness haka described them as being "vigorous" and "ferocious". From their arrival in the early 19th century, Christian missionaries tried unsuccessfully to eradicate haka, along with other forms of Māori culture that they saw as conflicting with Christian beliefs and practice.
Modern haka
In modern times, various haka have been composed to be performed by women and even children. In some haka the men start the performance and women join in later. Haka are performed for various reasons: for welcoming distinguished guests, or to acknowledge great achievements, occasions or funerals.
The 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team began a tradition by performing haka during an international tour. The common use of haka by the national rugby union team before matches, beginning with The Original All Blacks in 1905, has made one type of haka familiar.
The choreographed dance and chant popularized around the world by the All Blacks derives from "Ka Mate", a brief haka previously intended for extemporaneous, non-synchronized performance, whose composition is attributed to Te Rauparaha (1760s–1849), a war leader of the Ngāti Toa tribe. The "Ka Mate" haka is classified as a haka taparahi – a ceremonial haka performed without weapons. "Ka Mate" is about the cunning ruse Te Rauparaha used to outwit his enemies, and may be interpreted as "a celebration of the triumph of life over death".
Specific legal challenges regarding the rights of the Ngāti Toa to be acknowledged as the authors and owners of "Ka Mate" were eventually settled in a Deed of Settlement between Ngāti Toa and the New Zealand Government and New Zealand Rugby Union agreed in 2009 and signed in 2012.
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I saw an interesting comment by a presumed Japanese chud on a GTA video of all places the other day
Western imperialism bad but it's the South Koreans you should hate for it, apparently. I also wonder what this guy thinks of the time Japan tried to join the imperialism club
That's precisely the point they're making, they think Japan gets a bad rap because the crackers were worse. Which is hilariously similar to the 99% Hitler vs 100% Hitler argument (where, obviously, Japan is actually the 100% Hitler).
Japanese chuds must be a wild ride
Right wing nationalism in Japan is a whole fucking trip around the sun.
The only one who can defeat a white guy with fascism is a Japanese guy with fascism
Technically the Soviets beat both white guys with Fascism and Japanese guys with Fascism.
Imperial Japan used Pan-Asianism to justify its imperialism. The Japanese claimed that their imperial expansions were meant to liberate Asia from the European colonial powers and make Asia strong again. Much of that self-justification lives on in the Japanese far-right.
Yes, it's definitely the victims of your own colonialism that you should blame for calling you out on it. Fuck all colonialism, don't blame the colonized for it!