For running an OS off a USB drive, I would recommend getting a USB to M.2 enclosure and putting an M.2 drive in it. This will give you better performance than any flash drive out there. The memory they put into normal flash drives is just slow slow slow for the use case of an OS.

M.2 Enclosure

M.2 Drive to go in it

Now, the only negative there is that is kinda expensive. If you really want to stick to a normal USB drive, maybe try this one out. But I would really like to stress that running an OS off a normal USB drive is going to be slow.

As a general purpose USB (which not only works great for daily use as a thumb drive but also works with no issues as Linux Live or persistent USB) I can recommend the Sandisk Ultra line. I had them everywhere from 16GB to 128GB. They never let me down. The housing might look like it's made from flimsy plastic but it's surprising sturdy.

A second drive I'm currently preparing for use as a persistent Linux drive is the Samsung portable SSD T7. It's nice and sturdy and the USB C to USB C interface allows me to easily run it on my Laptop without using up any of my precious USB A ports.

Yes, getting a better flash drive will get you better performance. Make sure you get a good USB 3 drive, and plug it into a USB 3 port. I’ve always had good experiences with SanDisk drives. Avoid the off brand drives. They’re often really bad or even fake.

There are some fancy ones with SSD-features like wear leveling, though i don't know which.

But why not a NVME USB enclosure?

Thumbdrive as main disk does work, but once i trashed a SD-card-as-home with compiling something, i gave up on the idea.

Do you have a spare SATA SSD? This is my go-to USB cable for connecting SATA SSDs via USB: https://a.co/d/dQ5QXR1. Works well on Raspberry Pi and it'd work well on a thin client too.

Note that the Wyse systems don't have much CPU power as they're designed to be used as thin clients (where nothing runs on the system other than remote desktop connecting to a server somewhere). That's why they have so little space - they were never designed to run a full OS.

You can always grab a USB 3.0 disk case + NVME drive or 2.5 SSD, those will give you better performance for sure. Don't buy pre-made drives, they're usually slower than just getting a case and picking a desktop drive.

Acronyms, initialisms, abbreviations, contractions, and other phrases which expand to something larger, that I've seen in this thread:

3 acronyms in this thread; the most compressed thread commented on today has 10 acronyms.

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I'm curious, the current flash drive you are using... does it allow paging files? I would figure flash media would be marked portable to the OS and not allow page files to be used.

SanDisk usb-keys work.

You really want to use the thing for read-only, though, if you can:

the writes it takes to kill some portion of a filesystem, vs the writes you get before corrupting things, on a USB driver, don't line-up.

Use NVMe as your 1st-choice for storage ( future purchases, obviously ), the fastest you can get, and be stunned by how much faster the same motherboard is, with superfast OS storage..

I'd stick /home, not /usr, on the USB.

I wonder if you can replace the storage element with something bigger. It might be a data drive or an M.2 drive. You could replace either with a bigger device.